The four features of the clinical syndromes of Nephrotic Syndrome
A) Mass of protein is the most main symptom of Nephrotic Syndrome. The urine protein is usually ++~++++. The child quantity is >0.1g/kg/d while the adult ≥3.5g/d. Most of them are selective proteinuria and plasma protein. The urine has more foam caused by protein.Huaxia Nephropathy Research Institute
B) The change in plasma protein concentration:Nephrotic Syndrome and Swollen Forehead Shijiazhuang Kidney Disease Hospital Micro-Chinese Medicine Osmotherapy
a. hypoproteinemia is the second necessary symptom of Nephrotic Syndrome. The total plasma protein is obviously low, with serum albumin<30g/l, the children serum albumin 25g/l. The percentage of albumin and globulin is often reversed.
b. the other change in plasma protein：the increase in α2 and β globumin with α1 normal; the increase in fibrinogen, Ⅴ, Ⅶ,Ⅷ and Ⅹfactors with the platelet mildly increasing; the decrease in antithrombin III, usually leading to hypercoagulibility.Facial Edema in Nephrotic Syndrome
C) Hyperlipemia and lipuria. Plasma cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid increase obviously. Causes of Swollen Eyelids With Nephrotic Syndrome
D) Sodium, water retention and edema. Edema is often the early symptom, which are usually on eyelid and face, especially obvious in the morning. It can spread all over the whole body later as it is becoming severe. The most severe parts are face, lower extremities and scrotum.
E) Other symptoms. Due to the loss of protein for long time, there are protein malnutrition symptoms like dried-up hair, keratinization of hair follicle, dry skin, ulcer, intertrigo, white band on nail. Nephrotic Syndrome patients often have nutritional anemia, showing languid and inactivity. Children often have bradygenesis and are easily infected.
